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Translation - English Chapter 1
Introduction
Background
Pali classified as Indian – Europe, a family of languages with the suffix. 1,500 years before the Christian era, they came Aryan in India (Preecha Thichinapong, 2534: 1). In India, linguistic scholars have divided Aryan language family into three Ages;
1. Old Indic, the large body of texts originating in the Vedas. There are the Yajurveda, the Rigveda, the Samaveda, the Atharvaveda and the latest Vedic text is the
Upaniṣad. Languages are hierarchical-order used in various scriptures. Sanskrit is also considered in the period.
2. Middle Indic. Prakrit or Pracrit, a dialect of Aryan people used in local areas of India. It refers to three most structural prominent of them: Magadhi, Maharashtri and Sauraseni. The phrase "Dramatic Prakrit" is also called because of the languages themselves are used in some of the characters in Sanskrit plays.
3. Modern Indic refers to current languages such as Hindi, Bengali, Punjabi, Marathi and Nepali etc. The Indo- Arayan, Prakrit also give rise to the languages which are not considered to be Hindi despite being part of the same dialect continuum. It depends on historical construct.
Pali is a literary language of Prakit language family. It descended from a dialect, the Vedas. There is a persistent belief as to the relation of Pali to the vernacular spoken in the ancient kingdom of Magadha, which was located around modern-day, Bihar, called “Magahi”. It is believed to be the language declared Buddhism by the Lord Buddha. Language is divided into two categories (Jerm Chumgetha, 2525:3):
1. Suttha Magahi is the language of the elite. The language of the king or the official usage.
2. Dhesiya or Pakrit is a dialect.
The Lord Buddha used the Suttha Magahi as a basis for publishing the teachings. Meanwhile, he spread the Dharma orally. In the 3rd B.E as the first evidence, from the inscriptions of King Asoka the Great, Pali is considered the language for used to chronicle Lord Buddha utterance. It is best known as the language of Theravada Buddhism while Mahayana Buddhism originated it in Sanskrit (Supaporn Maakjaeng, 2535: 4) and Pali is then used for collecting Dharma scripts in the Tipitaka. It becomes the extant Buddhist texts. Pali language characteristics, however, are similar to Sanskrit; by only used as a written language in the Tipitak not in daily life. This becomes an extinct language in the end.
Pali in Thai Usage
When Buddhism was spread into Thailand, Thai people have accepted Buddhism as national religion. Thai people are required to study Pali and Sanskrit. Because of religious scripts are written as in Pali and Sanskrit (Sanskrit: Mahayana), so the Pali and Sanskrit words are more used in Thai (Wisan Kodkaew, 2529: 1) In addition to accept the religion, then, Thai people has adopted faith, tradition, rituals, as well as Pali and Sanskrit literature to be a part of Thai culture. Therefore, Thai people accept Pali and Sanskrit words relating to things that used in Thai (2523: 5). Suthiwong Pongboon said the cause of the Pali and Sanskri are mixed into Thai due to several reasons as follow;
1. Religious Relationship, when Brahmanism and Buddhism were spread into Thailand, Brahminism used Sanskrit for the religious propagation while Buddhism used Pali. In many traditions, especially in rituals, Thailand has been worshiped Buddhism as the national religion and possessed of Brahmanism into practice in daily life. We accept the doctrine, both to use in the nature of religious terminology and a very common words in everyday life.
2. Traditional Relation, when Indian people settled down in Thailand, they brought their culture into practice. As a result of traditional words mixed in Thai. Then, became involved with the daily lives of Thai as, Brahman rites associated with the giant swing, Makha Bucha Day, Tak Bat Devo (offering of food to Buddhist monks), Coronation Sermon, Mahachart Chanting, Kathina, Ploughing Ceremony and etc.
3. Cultural relations, India is a country of cultural growth for a long time. Its culture influenced other Eastern-Pacific countries before the westerns’. Thailand has been also the influenced by the Indian in many such as;
1. Art, Thai was influenced by India by both direct and indirect way such as music and dance. Language is considered as an art ,so it came mixing in Thai language e.g. the Mahori (a form of Thai and Cambodian classical ensemble which was traditionally played by women in the courts of both Central Thailand) and the Piphat ( a kind of ensemble in the classical music of Thailand)
2. Astronomy, India has the astronomical growth in a long time with their-own textbooks. When the knowledge spread into Thailand, it produced various astronomical words such as Suriya-Clas (solar eclipse) or Chan-dra-ra-kha-ti (lunar system).
3. Attir, Most of the terms of cultural dress are originated from names of King’s dress such as Mong-Kut (King's Crown), Cha-da (headdress) and Sung-Warn (breast chain).
4. Construction, most of Pali and Sanskrit words related to religious and royal construction; Nopa-Pa-Pa-Don (hollow spear of the sky) , Pra-Sart (castle) and Je-di (pagodas).
5. Tools that Indians brought in Thai words are Ar- wooth (weapons), Tup-pee (spatula) and Yuark (jug )
6. Reverence, using of reverence as one of the Thai culture aims to divide the vocabulary of ordinary people from the terminology used with the king and royalty. Therefore, we have received Pali and Sanskrit which is considered such the elite language for example “ Phra Nate (eyes), Pra Bata (foot), Phra Gun (ears) e ct. some words brought into Thai with polite forms such as Bida (father), Maan Da ( mother) etc.
4. Academic Relationship, Indian science and technology grow more widely. It narrows Thai vocabularies. Pali and Sanskrit usage in Thai helping modernized our terms and gave us convenience, such as (Vidhayu) radio, Dho-ra-tasa (television), Paet (a doctor) and Bhe-saj (a pharmacist) ect.
5. Literal Relation, Indian literature both in Sanskrit literature and the Buddhist literature has highly influenced Thai literature both. Terms related to the literature adopted from these literatures. Krud(garuda), Su-Me-Ru (Mount Meru), Himapan (The Himmavanta forest) etc.
2. Purpose of research
1. To compare differences in the structure of Thai and Pali
2. To study words and terms both in Thai and Pali
3. Scope of research
The scopes of the research are as follows
1. To study history of Pali from Buddhist era to the present era
2. To study structure of words in Pali and in Thai
3. To compare the differences of Bali words in Thai
3. Framework for research
Methodology
This is a documentary research which the purposes of the study is scoped of research as follows
1. To study documents from the primary source
2. To study documents from the secondary source
Expectation
1. The Lord Buddha taught and made his doctrine through Pali. As a Buddhist, it is necessary to study Pali as the tools for studying various kinds of Buddhist scriptures
2. Thai merged lots of Pali into it. Many technical terms and religious terminology that provide new vocabularies; person’s names and places. Therefore, studying Pali is useful in order to understand and enactment of these terms.
3. To gain Pali linguistic knowledge in order to be able to translated Pali correctly and to understand other relevant languages .
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Master's degree - Chulalongkorn University
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