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English to Indonesian: Epidemiology of Hepatitis C General field: Medical Detailed field: Medical (general)
Source text - English Chronic hemodialysis patients are at high risk for infection because the process of hemodialysis requires
vascular access for prolonged periods. In an environment where multiple patients receive dialysis concurrently, repeated
opportunities exist for person-to-person transmission of infectious agents, directly or indirectly via contaminated devices,
equipment and supplies, environmental surfaces, or hands of personnel. Furthermore, hemodialysis patients require frequent
hospitalizations and surgery, which increases their opportunities for exposure to nosocomial infections.
Recommendations for the control of hepatitis B in hemodialysis centers were first published in 1977, and by 1980, their
widespread implementation was associated with a sharp reduction in incidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among
both patients and staff members. In 1982, hepatitis B vaccination was recommended for all susceptible patients and staff
members. However, outbreaks of both HBV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections continue to occur among chronic
hemodialysis patients. Epidemiologic investigations have indicated substantial deficiencies in recommended infection control
practices, as well as a failure to vaccinate hemodialysis patients against hepatitis B. These practices apparently are not being
fully implemented because staff members a) are not aware of the practices and their importance, b) are confused regarding
the differences between standard (i.e., universal) precautions recommended for all health-care settings and the additional
precautions necessary in the hemodialysis setting, and c) believe that hepatitis B vaccine is ineffective for preventing HBV
infection in chronic hemodialysis patients.
Translation - Indonesian Pasien yang menjalani hemodialisis kronik memiliki risiko tinggi infeksi karena proses hemodialisis memerlukan akses vaskular dalam jangka panjang. Pada keadaan saat beberapa pasien menjalani dialisis secara bersamaan, terdapat kesempatan berulang terjadinya transmisi agen infeksi dari satu orang ke orang lain, baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung melalui alat, bahan, perlengkapan, maupun permukaan daerah sekitar, serta tangan staf yang terkontaminasi. Selain itu, pasien hemodialisis seringkali memerlukan perawatan dan operasi, sehingga meningkatkan kemungkinan paparan terhadap infeksi nosokomial.
Rekomendasi pengendalian hepatitis B di pusat hemodialisis pertama kali dipublikasikan pada tahun 1977, dan pada tahun 1980, implementasi yang luas telah menyebabkan penurunan tajam dalam insidens infeksi virus hepatitis B (HBV) baik pada pasien maupun staf. Pada tahun 1982, vaksinasi hepatitis B direkomendasikan bagi semua pasien dan staf yang rentan. Namun demikian, wabah infeksi HBV maupun virus hepatitis C (HCV) terus terjadi pada pasien-pasien yang menjalani hemodialisis kronik. Penelitian epidemiologi telah menandakan defisiensi yang bermakna dalam rekomendasi praktik pengendalian infeksi, serta kegagalan dalam melakukan vaksinasi hepatitis B pada pasien hemolisis. Praktik ini rupanya belum diimplementasikan secara penuh karena staf rumah sakit a) tidak mengetahui mengenai praktik tersebut dan pentingnya, b) bingung mengenai perbedaan antara standar (universal) precautions (kewaspadaan universal) yang direkomendasikan di semua pelayanan kesehatan, dengan kewaspadaan tambahan yang diperlukan dalam lingkup hemodialisis, serta c) percaya bahwa vaksin hepatitis B tidak efektif untuk mencegah infeksi HBV pada pasien hemodialisis kronik.
Indonesian to English: Hospital Policy - Care of Comatose Patients General field: Medical Detailed field: Medical (general)
Source text - Indonesian Koma (tidak sadar) adalah suatu keadaan di mana seorang pasien benar-benar tidak memiliki kesadaran baik terhadap diri sendiri maupun terhadap lingkungan sekitar, dan tidak mampu memberikan respon yang berarti terhadap stimulus eksternal. Berbeda dari ketidaksadaran yang bersifat sementara seperti sinkop, koma harus berlangsung lebih dari satu jam. koma terjadi sebagai akibat dari kerusakan berat pada hemisfer serebri dan/atau sistem ARAS (ascending reticular activating system). Terdapat banyak penyebab koma, dan hal ini dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai disfungsi otak fokal atau difus. Skala kompleks yang paling sering digunakan adalah Glasgow Coma Score. Skala GCS ini menilai aktivitas mata, respons verbal maupun motorik, dan memberikan poin tertentu untuk masing-masing, dengan 3 adalah ketidaksadaran dalam dan 15 sadar penuh. Pasien yang tidak sadar memiliki risiko asfiksi yang tinggi akibat jatuhnya lidah ke belakang sehingga menyumbat jalan nafas, menyebabkan kematian dan/atau pneumonia aspirasi. Seringkali apabila penyebab koma tidak diatasi, atau tidak dapat diatasi, dapat terjadi progresivitas keadaan pasien ke arah kerusakan otak yang ireversibel dan selanjutnya mati otak.
Tujuan:
1. Menyusun suatu panduan prosedur bagi perawatan pasien tidak sadar.
2. Memastikan kualitas perawatan pasien.
3. Menjamin konsistensi dan keseragaman pelayanan pasien tidak sadar oleh perawat dan semua tenaga kesehatan lainnya.
Translation - English Coma (or unconsciousness) is a state in which a patient is totally unaware of both self and external surroundings, and unable to respond meaningfully to external stimuli. As opposed to states of transient unconsciousness such as syncope, coma must last more than one hour. It results from gross impairment of both cerebral hemispheres, and/or the ascending reticular activating system. There are many causes of coma, and these may be classified as either focal or diffuse brain dysfunction. The most commonly used complex scale is the Glasgow Coma Scale. The scale looks at eye activity, verbal and motor responses, and assigns points for each to give a composite score, 3 being deeply unconscious and 15 being fully conscious. Unconscious patient is at a high risk of asphyxia due to fall of tongue and obstructing airway; leading to death, and/or aspiration pneumonia. Often, if the causes of coma are not treated, or cannot be treated, then it may progress to the point of irreversible brain damage and further brain death.
Purpose:
1. To establish procedural guideline for the care of unconscious patient.
2. To ensure high quality of patient care.
3. To enable the nurses and healthcare staff to function in a consistent and standardized manner.
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Translation education
Other - King's College London
Experience
Years of experience: 25. Registered at ProZ.com: Jun 2005.
Medical Doctor (MD) with 12 years experience as translator.
Medical and Pharmaceutical translation is a highly specialized discipline and should only be carried out by suitably qualified translators. Medical documents are specific documents that should be translated with high accuracy and comprehension, related to the medical circumstances and situation. Imagine complicated instructions for a surgical procedure. Failure to translate the procedure in detail could result in compromised patient safety, patient injury, or even death. Another example, error in translating patient's file could cause a problem for the patient related to insurance company or legal issues.
That's why medical documents should always be translated by translators with medical background or extensive experience in particular medical field.
I am a Medical Doctor specializing in Pediatrics, and have been working as a translator and interpreter since 1999. You can be sure that you will always receive translations that are stylistically consistent and correct from the point of view of professional terminology.
My translation services includes medical documents, biomedical, pharmaceutical texts and corporate literature of medical equipment and supply manufacturers.
Keywords: Medical, Health, Biology, Pediatrics, Cardiology, Wellness, Kedokteran, Dentistry, Bahasa Indonesia, Inggris. See more.Medical, Health, Biology, Pediatrics, Cardiology, Wellness, Kedokteran, Dentistry, Bahasa Indonesia, Inggris, English, Indonesian, Bahasa, translator, interpreter, Jakarta. See less.
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