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English to Japanese: Histological and Histochemical Analyses of Cell-mediated Resorption of Anorganic Bovine Bone Matrix at the Site of Sinus Floor Augmentation in Humans General field: Medical Detailed field: Medical: Dentistry
Source text - English Histological and Histochemical Analyses of Cell-mediated Resorption of Anorganic Bovine Bone Matrix at the Site of Sinus Floor Augmentation in Humans
Abstract: Sterilized particles of anorganic bovine bone matrix (ABBM: Bio-Oss®), widely used for sinus floor augmentation, are characterized by high bone conductivity and long persistence due to slow resorption. Here we report on histological and histochemical features of the ABBM particles applied for bone augmentation in 5 adult patients with special references to the mode of osteoclastic resorption of xenogenic material. The bone cores retrieved at 6 months after surgery contained densely packed ABBM particles being fully or partially encapsulated by the newly induced bone and showed immunoreactivity for osteopontin (OPN) at the bone/ABBM boundary. Multinuclear cells showing enzymatic reactions for tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) were in contact with 48.26 ± 9.43 % of ABBM surface but only 2.13 ± 0.84 % of that of the induced bone. The TRAP-positive multinuclear cells attached to the ABBM particles were enriched with mitochondria but, with few exceptions, lacked a ruffled border and immunoreactivity for cathepsin K. These data indicate that predominantly large proportion of TRAP-positive cells at the graft site are hypofunctional osteoclasts or osteoclastic cells at 6 months after surgery, and explain long persistence of the grafted ABBM particles despite abundance of TRAP-positive multinuclear cells. Graft samples retrieved at 2 weeks from the extraction socket suggested the role of tiny ABBM fragments for the induction of TRAP-positive multinuclear cells in early postoperative phase. Due to limitation of availability of samples, how grafted xenogenic material is involved in bone remodeling in later time periods is yet to be determined.
Introduction
The dental implant treatment is gaining increasing popularity as highly efficient clinical procedure whereby the impaired occlusal function due to the tooth loss is recovered. Along with this trend, a demand for the bone augmentation procedure as pretreatment of fixture installation is also increasing, in particular, in the case of posterior maxillary regions where the available bone is often too thin to provide a firm support for the implant fixture 1, 2) . Sinus floor augmentation procedure was first described in detail by Boyne and James (1980) 3) and Tatum (1986) 4). Autologous bone as the graft material has been regarded as gold standard for this procedure because of high osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties in addition to obvious absence of antigenicity 5-8). However, autologous bone has several disadvantages as graft material; limited availability, the risk factors associated with sampling procedure, necessity of general anesthesia 9,10), and unpredictable rate of post operative resorption 5). As a consequence, numerous allografts and xenografts have been proposed as substitutes for the autogenous grafts for maxillary sinus floor augmentation 11).
Osteoconductivity, lack of antigenicity, steady replacement by vital bone are the essential requirements for the graft material substituting for the autogenous bone as fillers for maxillary sinus augmentation procedures. Among the various types of allografts and xenografts tested in previous animal studies and clinical trials, sterilized particles of anorganic bovine bone matrix (ABBM) (Bio-Oss®) met the above requirements, and have been recognized as reliable biomaterial for sinus lift surgery 12-17). ABBM (Bio-Oss®) is deproteinized particles of cancellous bovine bone in which the three dimensional architecture of the chemical phase of trabeculae and osteonal canalicular systems are well preserved. ABBM is therefore highly porous and provide wide range of outer and inner surface areas onto which the new bone is induced.
In assessing the value of the xenogenic graft materials, it is important to know the rate of osteoclastic resorption in vivo, in addition to the osteoconductive properties of the respective samples. Whether or not the xenogenic material used as fillers for bone augmentation is later involved in bone remodeling is also an important issue for prognostic evaluation of the ultimate fate of the graft material. Rapid resorption of the xenograft implies a failure in retaining a three dimensional scaffold of osteoconductive material before sufficient volume of bone is induced, while lack of involvement of the graft material in bone remodeling implies long retention of inert xenogenic material within the remodeling bone matrix. In this regard, it appears important to note that the ABBM particles grafted for sinus floor argumentation are highly resistance to resorption 18-20), but undergo extremely slow and steady replacement with bioactive bone 21). Whether or not the osteoclasts are involved in such a slow process of resorption of ABBM particles has been a matter of considerable controversy. Some reports suggested absence of osteoclastic resorption 12,18,19), whereas others indicated presence of osteoclasts or osteoclast-like cells on the graft surface 22-26). In the latter cases, however, the description of putative osteoclasts or osteoclastic cells was rather fragmentary and no detailed structural and functional assessment of these cells has been made at the cellular level.
In this study, therefore, we sought to examine the bone core samples retrieved from the 5 patients who received ABBM grafting surgery for sinus floor elevation, with special references to the spatial distribution of osteoclasts / osteoclastic cells, and their histochemical and ultrastructural characteristics for better understanding of the mode of resorption and ultimate fate of the xenogenic material in vivo.
Materials and methods,
Five healthy patients, 2 males and 3 females, with ages between 39 and 61 years participated in this study. The purpose and experimental protocol of this study were approved by the Institutional Ethic Committee of Tokyo Medical and dental University, and all patients signed a written informed consent after receiving detailed explanations of the purpose and the procedure of the treatment. All patients received unilateral maxillary sinus augmentation and, after 6 months, dental implants were placed.
Surgical procedures
Lateral window technique 4) was used for all cases of sinus floor elevation in this study. Under local anesthesia, a mucoperiosteal flap was prepared and elevated, allowing good access to the lateral sinus wall. Using a diamond burr, an oval-shaped sinus window approximately 10 x 8 mm was outlined and the osteotomy was finished under continuous cooling using sterile saline solution. The Schneiderian membrane was detached from the sinus floor using the Sinus Lift Instruments (G. Hartzell & Son Inc.，CA, USA）, and the cancellous-type anorganic bovine bone matrix (ABBM) of 1 – 2mm in size (Bio-Oss®) (Osteohealth, NY, USA）was filled in the cavity. The mucoperiosteal flap was then directly repositioned and sutured. Tomiron (Cefteram Pivoxil) (Taisho Toyama Pharmaceutical, Tokyo, Japan) (100 mg, 3 times daily) was prescribed for 8 days. Voltaren (Novartis Pharma, Tokyo, Japan) (25 mg) was prescribed 3 times daily for pain relief to be used only if needed The sutures were removed 14 days following surgery. No removable prosthesis was applied during this and the following periods.
Specimen preparation
At 6 months after the sinus lift surgery, minimal incisions were made on the gingival mucosa under local anesthesia and the bone surface for the fixture insertion was exposed. Under constant irrigation with sterile saline, an insertion hole for the fixture was made using a trephine hollow bur. Various types of the implant fixture (Straumann Implant, SLA surface) (Waldenburg, Switzerland) suited for the individual cases were immediately installed.
The bone cores approximately 6 mm-long and 2.5 mm in diameter thus obtained from the patients in the procedure were briefly rinsed in normal saline and fixed by immersion in 4% paraformaldehyde solution in 0.1M cacodylate buffer (pH 7.3) for 2 - 4 day at 4°C. After completion of fixation, the bone cores were processed for soft X-ray imaging using a cabinet-type soft X-ray imaging system, SOFRON SRO-M50 (Sofron Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan). The specimens were then decalcified in 10 % EDTA (pH 7.4) for 2 weeks at 4°C. Each decalcified specimen was divided into two equally-sized longitudinally cut pieces with a razor blade and, one of the two pieces were further divided into two transversely cut pieces. In each bone core the larger piece was processed for paraffin embedding and the remaining smaller ones were embedded either in Technovit 7100 (Kulzer, Wehrheim, Germany) or Epon 812 (Taab, Berkshire, UK). Before embedding procedure, the latter specimen for electron microscopy went through additional fixations with 2% glutaraldehyde (2 days) and 1% osmium tetroxide solutions (2hr) in the same buffer at 4°C.
Histological processing
Four-µm-thick paraffin sections and 1-µm-thick Epon sections of the decalcified bone cores at 6 months were stained respectively with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and toluidine blue for general histology. For ultrastructural observation of the bone core, ultrathin Epon sections (70 – 80 nm) were cut with a diamond knife, mounted on a copper grid, and doubly stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate solutions. Observation was performed with the H-7100 transmission electron microscope (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) at an acceleration voltage of 75kV.
Histochemical staining
For histochemical localization of osteoclasts, the active sites of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) were demonstrated on 2-µm-thick Technovit sections of the decalcified bone core. The sections were incubated for 30 - 45 min at 37 ºC in a medium consisting of 0.8% naphthol AS-MX phosphate and 0.7% fast red violet LB salt in 0.1 M acetate buffer (pH 5.2) supplemented with 50 mM L-(+) tartaric acid. The sections were examined after counter-staining with methyl green or methylene blue.
Immunohistochemical localization of osteopontin (OPN) and cathepsin K was performed on paraffin sections or Technovit sections using rabbit anti-mouse OPN antibody (1:300; IBL, Fujioka, Japan) and goat anti-human cathepsin K (C-16) antibody (1:500; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA, USA), respectively. Biotinylated antibodies against rabbit or goat IgG were used as the secondary antibodies (1:200). The immunopositive sites were decorated with HRP-conjugated streptavidin using the ABC kit (Vector, Burlingame, CA, USA) and visualized by incubating with 3,3’- diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB) solution. Negative-control staining, in which primary antibodies were replaced with normal sera, showed no reaction.
Histomorphometry
Using a computer-assisted morphometry program (Image-Pro Express; Nippon Roper, Tokyo, Japan), the following quantification was performed on the monitor screen showing microscopic images of paraffin or Technovit sections; (1) the proportion (% surface area) of mineralized tissues (ABBM plus induced bone) in the graft site, (2) the proportion of ABBM surface length in contact with newly induced bone relative to total surface length of ABBM particles, (3) the proportion of surface length of ABBM particles in contact with TRAP-positive cells relative to the entire surface length of ABBM particles not encapsulated by the induced bone, and (4) the proportion of surface length of the induced bone in contact with TRAP-positive cells relative to the total surface length of the induced bone. Six randomly selected longitudinal sections of the bone core samples collected from the 5 individual patients were used for morphometry. In each section, measurements were made on the 5 individual unit surface areas of 1,100 x 860 μm2 according to the computer program, and the mean value and standard deviation of each sample as well as the mean value of the 5 patients were calculated. Student’s t-test was used for statistical analysis of the data.
ABBM retrieval at 2 weeks after grafting in an extraction socket
In addition to the bone core samples from maxillary sinus floor augmentation, one ABBM graft sample was retrieved from the extraction socket of the upper first premolar of a 59-year-old male patient at 2 weeks after grafting. This sampling was a consequence of altered treatment planning of the patient, and was performed after obtaining informed consent. The upper first premolar of this patient had been extracted because of chronic, periapical periodontitis associated with buccal fistel formation. Before insertion of ABBM particles, the extraction socket had been extensively curetted and cleaned of all the soft tissue elements in the socket including the partially remaining healthy periodontal ligament.
In 2 weeks, the grafted material in the extraction socket had been completely covered by granulation tissue. Under local anesthesia, the graft was carefully excavated and retrieved as a few pieces. The recovered samples were immediately fixed in 4% PFA and processed for paraffin or plastic embedding after EDTA decalcification. The sections were examined under the light microscope after staining for histological and histochemical observations of TRAP activities and OPN immunoreactions as already described.
Results
Histology and histomorphometry of retrieved bone cores
As shown in Figure 1a, the cylindrical bone core retrieved from the site of sinus floor augmentation was processed for observation after removing the pre-existing cortical bone at the gingival crest, and hence measured approximately 6 mm x 2.5 mm. Soft X-ray images of the bone core revealed densely packed coarse meshwork of x-ray opaque material except at the apical end of the cylinder. In the hematoxylin-eosin stained paraffin sections of decalcified specimens, newly induced bone matrix was stained bright red and could be easily distinguished from the ABBM particles which appeared in pale pink (Fig. 1b). Most ABBM particles were totally or partially encapsulated by the newly induced bone, which formed three-dimensional bridges of the trabecular bone. At higher magnifications, linear basophilic staining was shown to be located along the bone / ABBM interface as well as in the surface layers of ABBM particles (Fig. 1c). Immunostaining for OPN in the neighboring sections showed characteristic localization of OPN immunoreactions comparative to that of basophilic boundary zone as shown in HE-stained sections (compare Figs. 1c and 1d). The connective tissue surrounding the ABBM particle and the induced bone was well vascularized and contained various cellular elements, but did not contain hematopoietic cells. Bone apposition was still in progress on the limited areas of the induced bone over the ABBM particles (Fig. 1e). Almost all intrinsic canalicular systems of the grafted ABBM particles were also lined by the induced bone associated with osteoblasts, TRAP-positive cells, and the vascular vessels reminiscent of those in the vital bone (data not shown). Histomorphometrical analysis of the retrieved samples from the 5 patients revealed that, in mid portion of the bone cores, the average proportion of the mineralized area comprising ABBM particles and the induced bone was 69.59 ± 8.19%, (ABBM: 30.87%, induced bone: 38.72%) and that the proportion of ABBM surface length in contact with the induced bone was 70.34 ± 9.02% (Fig. 2).
Localization and structural features of osteoclasts
In all specimens from the 5 patients, large numbers of multinuclear osteoclastic cells were located preferentially in association with the ABBM surface exposed to the connective tissue, whereas such cells were only seldom seen on the induced bone (Fig. 3a). Histochemical staining of Technovit sections for TRAP activity clearly demonstrated such eccentric localization of TRAP-positive multinuclear cells on the graft surface (Figs. 3b-d). Histomorphometry of TRAP-positive cells in Technovit sections in fact indicated that 48.26 ± 9.43 % of the exposed surface of ABBM particles was in contact with TRAP-positive cells, whereas merely 2.13 ± 0.84 % of the induced bone surface was covered by the osteoclastic cells (Fig. 4). It was of interest to note that up to 15 µm thick surface layers of the ABBM particles underneath the TRAP -positive osteoclastic cells generally showed intense extracellular TRAP reactions (Figs. 3c, d). Comparable extracellular TRAP reaction was not depicted in the surface layers of the vital bone underneath the similarly TRAP-positive cells (Fig. 3d).
The multinuclear osteoclastic cells on the exposed surfaces of ABBM particles were large in size and had rich cytoplasm filled with numerous mitochondria and various vesicular structures (Fig. 5). However, with some exceptions, most of these cells were devoid of typical ruffled border and had rather smooth or only finely irregular membranes facing to the ABBM surface (Figs. 5c-e). Clear zone was confirmed in some of these cells examined (Fig. 5c). The immunoreaction for cathepsin K, one of marker enzymes of the osteoclast, was undetectable or very weak in most of the TRAP positive multinuclear cells on the ABBM surface (Fig. 6b,d). In the case of multinuclear cells displaying well-developed ruffled border, however, the immunoreaction for cathepsin K was conspicuous in the ruffled border facing to the graft surface (Fig. 6a,c). There was no notable difference in the cytoplasmic features between the multinuclear cells with typical ruffled border and those without such a membrane specialization, except that the latter type of cells lacked large cytoplasmic vacuoles.
ABBM graft sample retrieved from the extraction socket
The specimen retrieved from the extraction socket at 2 weeks after the insertion of ABBM particles showed relatively dense fibrous connective tissue forming around the ABBM particles at least in the middle one third of the specimen. No sign of bone formation was noted on the grafted ABBM particles. The small fragments of ABBM particles less than 20 µm in size, scattered in the fibrous connective tissue between the large-sized particles, were often surrounded or engulfed by the mononuclear or multinuclear TRAP-positive cells, and showed strong TRAP reactions within the mineralized matrix (Fig. 7a,b). At this stage, TRAP-positive cells in contact with large-sized ABBM particles were very few. Regardless the size differences, all ABBM particles retrieved from the extraction socket showed immunoreactions for OPN in the surface layers and, in the case of very small fragments, throughout the matrix (Fig. 7c).
Discussion
Current observations of the retrieved bone cores from the 5 patients at 6 months after surgery reconfirmed high osteoconductivity of the anorganic bovine bone matrix (ABBM) (Bio-Oss®) and their resistance to resorption at the site of sinus floor augmentation 16,27-31). In this study, we further confirmed the existence of a considerable number of TRAP-positive multinuclear cells at the graft site, and their almost exclusive localization on the ABBM particles. It was also the first observation of this study that most of the TRAP-positive multinuclear cells on the ABBM surfaces are devoid of a ruffled border, whereas these cells are capable of releasing large amounts of TRAP enzyme toward the ABBM surface.
Preferential localization of TRAP-positive osteoclastic cells on the exposed surfaces of ABBM particles (ABBM surfaces not encapsulated by the induced bone) was unexpected phenomenon because ABBM is reported to be highly resistant to osteoclastic resorption, and is only gradually replaced by bone through long periods of time as long as 10 years or longer 21). In fact, there has been considerable debates regarding presence 22-25) or absence 20,31-33) of osteoclasts and/or osteoclastic resorption on the grafted ABBM particles. Accordingly, how such extremely slow replacement of ABBM with bone is attained at the graft site has not been fully explained. In this context, it is noteworthy that the expression of TRAP activity is most distinct in osteoclasts but is not an exclusive feature of osteoclasts. Bianco et al. (1987) 34) indicated that under pathological conditions such as chronic granulocytic leukemia, bone marrow macrophages become TRAP-positive. Anazawa et al (2004, 2006) 35), 36) indicated existence of multinuclear giant cells elicited by foreign body particles have cytological features identical to osteoclasts and express TRAP activity. Cathepsin K is a member of the papain family of cysteine proteinases expressed by osteoclasts and osteoclast precursors in the ruffled border and in the lysosome-like vacuoles 37). In our current observations, the small population of multinuclear cells having well developed ruffled border in fact showed distinct immunoreactions for cathepsin K in the ruffled border (Fig. 7c) and hence are categorized as functional osteoclasts. The remaining population of multinuclear cells on the graft surface without a ruffled border and cathepsin K reactions are therefore either hypofunctional osteoclasts or the multinuclear giant cells equivalent to those elicited by the foreign body particles 34-36).
In c-Src gene knockout mice, bones show osteopetrotic phenotype despite the existence of a large population of osteoclasts 38-39). In these animals, osteoclasts are known to be hypofunctional and show only poor development or lack of ruffled border due to a failure in proper cytoskeletal assembly responsible for the formation of a ruffled border. Previous histochemical studies of the jaw bones 40,41) and long bones 42) of c-Src knock out mice confirmed the expression of strong TRAP activities in hypofunctional osteoclasts and, at the same time, demonstrated intense extracellular TRAP enzyme activity along the resorbing bone surface. In our current observations, the extracellular diffuse TRAP reaction in the surface layers of the grafted particles therefore appears to reflect the TRAP enzyme released from the overlying TRAP-positive cells and hence support the osteoclastic nature of the TRAP-positive multinuclear cells on the grafted particles, despite absence of a ruffled border and significant expression of immunoreactivity for cathepsin K.
In this regard, it is worthy to note that, at 2 weeks after the insertion of ABBM particles in an extraction socket, the TRAP-positive cells were scarcely shown to be associated with the large-sized ABBM particles, whereas these cells were actively resorbing or phagocytosing tiny ABBM fragments smaller than 20 µm in size as shown in Figure 7. It is known that the large-sized biocompatible material can become either bioactive or toxic to phagocytic cells in the particulate form. In fact, macrophages which have phagocytosed wear particles in periprosthetic regions produce cytokines such as IL-1 and PGE2, and become capable of differentiation into bone resorbing osteoclasts 43). Under similar conditions, however, increased particular size and surface areas cause damages in the phagocytosed macrophages and can lead to cell death by apoptosis 44).
Taking all these into consideration, it is proposed that at early phase of sinus floor augmentation in human cases, the tiny fragments of ABBM particles are phagocytosed by the infiltrated macrophages, thereby eliciting these cells to express various cytokines and also to differentiate into multinuclear TRAP-positive cells in later periods. The grafted large-sized ABBM particles are too large to be internalized by the macrophages and hence remain intact in the initial period. During this early period, the large-sized particles adsorb blood- or bone-derived cytokines and other bioactive molecules, which may eventually facilitate differentiation of osteoblasts and subsequent bone deposition on the ABBM surface enriched with the adsorbed soluble molecules. Tapety et al. (2004) 45) examined early tissue reactions in the bone cavity of rat tibia grafted with Bio-Oss® particles and suggested that BMP and other growth factors previously embedded in the host bone may be liberated by bone drilling, and secondarily incorporated in porous structure of ABBM particles. Same may be true in the early process of sinus floor augmentation although our observation at early post operative phase was limited to a single specimen retrieved from an extraction socket. Preferential accumulation of TRAP-positive multinuclear cells on the exposed surfaces of the grafted material at post operative 6-months may also be explained by the presence of OPN adsorbed to the surface layers of the graft particles, which is known to facilitate attachment of osteoclasts to and subsequent resorption of the bone 46).
Practical absence of a ruffled border from most of the TRAP-positive multinuclear cells in contact with ABBM particles may suggest a necessity for bone matrix proteins and/or functional osteocytes for the final differentiation and/or proper function of the osteoclasts on the anorganic mineral phase in vivo. Traini et al. (2008) 47) indicated high concentrations of calcium in the surface layers of the grafted ABBM particles by X-ray microanalysis, and suggested that dissolution of ABBM by osteoclasts may exert toxic effects of calcium on osteoclasts and hence retard their resorptive function. What causes the osteoclasts on ABBM particles to remain hypofunctional is an intriguing question to be explored in future studies.
In the bone core samples retrieved at 6 months after surgery, no evidence of remodeling was depicted in the newly induced bone around the ABBM particles. It is reported, however, that woven bone induced on ABBM is eventually replaced by lamellar bone 48), indicating progressive bone remodeling in later time periods. Further longitudinal studies of human material are needed to explain the ultimate fate of the xenogenic material in relation to the remodeling of the surrounding bones.
Acknowledgements: The authors are indebted to Mr. Hachiro Iseki for his technical help in electron microscopy. Support for this work from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Y.T.) is greatly acknowledged.
Translation - Japanese ヒトの上顎洞底骨増生部位における無機質ウシ骨基質の細胞媒介骨吸収の組織学的および組織化学的解析
English to Japanese: Distribution Agreement General field: Law/Patents Detailed field: Law: Contract(s)
Source text - English DISTRIBUTION AGREEMENT
THIS AGREEMENT is made this as of June 14, 2010 by and between Arbre Group, with its principal place of business located at 1632 N. Laurel Ave, Suite #113, LA, CA, 90046 (the "Company") and …………. (the "Distributor") with its principal place of business located at ……...
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31 days or more 20%
4. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS.
4.1. Use of Company Name. Company expressly prohibits any direct or indirect use, reference to, or other employment of its name, trademarks, or trade name exclusively licensed to Company, except as specified in this Agreement or as expressly authorized by Company in writing. All advertising and other promotional material will be submitted to Company at least fourteen (14) days in advance of scheduled use and will only be used if Company consents thereto in writing. Company hereby authorizes and requires Distributor's use of the Company's insignia or lettering which will be on the products at the time of the delivery. Company hereby authorizes the Distributor's use of the legend set forth below. The Company shall submit to the Distributor in writing full particulars prior to any use of the authorized legends, on stationery, invoices, promotion material or otherwise, and shall not proceed with such use unless and until the Company's written approval shall have been received.
Authorized legend shall be solely the following: Worn Free
If the authorized legend is used on any stationery, invoices, promotion material or otherwise by Distributor, Distributor will, on termination of this Agreement, or upon request of Company, discontinue the use of such legend on any stationery, invoices, promotion material or otherwise and thereafter will not use, either directly or indirectly in connection with its business, such legend or any other names, titles of expressions so nearly resembling the same as would likely lead to confusion or uncertainty, or to deceive the public.
4.2. Patent and Trademark Indemnity. Company shall indemnify, defend and hold harmless Distributor and its customers from and against every expense, damage, cost and loss (including reasonable attorneys' fees incurred) and to satisfy all judgments and decrees resulting from a third party claim, suit or proceeding insofar as it is based upon an allegation that the Apparel or any part thereof furnished by Company or any process which is practiced in the customary use of the Apparel is or has been infringing upon any patent, copyright or proprietary right, if Company is notified promptly of such claim in writing and given authority, and full and proper information and assistance (at Company's expense) for the defense of same. In case the Apparel, or any part thereof, in such suit is held to constitute an infringement and the use of said Apparel or part is enjoined, Company shall, in its sole discretion and at its own expense, either procure for the indemnitee the right to continue using said Apparel or part, replace, or modify the same.
4.3. Marketing Materials. The Company shall use reasonable efforts to supply all necessary marketing materials for the proper sale of its Apparel. The Company retains for itself all proprietary rights in and to all designs pertaining to any Apparel specified in the contract and to all marketing concepts, ideas, inventions, patent rights, etc., arising out of work done in connection with the contract and to any and all Apparel developed as a result thereof, including the sole right to manufacture any and all such products. The Distributor shall not contact the Company's suppliers, or any other person, for the purpose of manufacture. Moreover, the Distributor agrees not to manufacture any similar product. The Distributor also agrees not to use any Company marketing information, or information derived thereof, for any purpose other than for the benefit of the Company. Distributor acknowledges that the Apparel and marketing materials are the property of Company, and that the products are being made available to Distributor in confidence and solely on the basis of its confidential relationship with the Company.
5. WARRANTY.
5.1. Apparel Warranty. Company warrants and represents that Distributor shall acquire Apparel purchased hereunder free and clear of all liens and encumbrances except for Company's purchase money security interest defined in Paragraph 1.4 above. Company further warrants all Apparel to be free from defects in material or workmanship under normal use for a period of ninety (90) days from the date of delivery. All replacement covered by this warranty must be done at Company's warehouse or an alternative location advised by Company in advance in writing. Any defective apparel identified within ninety (90) days and found to be within this scope of the warranty will be repaired or replaced by Company and all charges for labor and material, will be borne by Company. If it is determined that either no fault exists in Company, or the damage was caused by negligence of Distributor, its agents, employees or customers, Distributor agrees to pay all charges associated with each such re. THIS CONSTITUTES THE SOLE WARRANTY MADE BY COMPANY EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. THERE ARE NO OTHER WARRANTIES EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED WHICH EXTEND BEYOND THE FACE HEREOF, HEREIN, INCLUDING THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. IN NO EVENT SHALL COMPANY BE LIABLE FOR ANY INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES AND DISTRIBUTOR'S REMEDIES SHALL BE LIMITED TO REPAIR OR REPLACEMENT OF NONCONFORMING UNITS.
5.2. Misuse of Apparel. Any tampering, misuse or negligence in handling or use of Apparel renders the warranty void. Further, the warranty is void if, at any time, Distributor attempts to make any changes to any of the parts of the Apparel; HANDLING OF THE APPAREL THAT RENDERS THIS WARRANTY VOID WILL BE DEFINED TO INCLUDE ALL OF THE POSSIBILITIES DESCRIBED IN THIS PARAGRAPH, TOGETHER WITH ANY PRACTICE WHICH RESULTS IN CONDITIONS EXCEEDING THE DESIGN TOLERANCE OF THE APPAREL.
6. DURATION OF AGREEMENT.
6.1. Term. The term of this Agreement shall be for one (1) year from the date hereof (the “Term”), unless sooner terminated by giving sixty (60) days written notice. Termination shall not relieve either party of obligations incurred prior thereto.
6.2. Termination. This Agreement may be terminated only:
(a) By either party for substantial breach of any material provision of this Agreement by the other, provided due notice has been given to the other of the alleged breach and such other party has not cured the breach within thirty (30) days thereof (or fifteen (15) days with respect to payment of monies due); or
(b) By the Company if: there is a change in the control or management of the Distributor not preapproved by Company in writing; if the Distributor ceases to function as a going concern or makes an assignment for the benefit of creditors; if a petition in bankruptcy is filed by or against the Distributor, resulting in an adjudication of bankruptcy; or, if the Distributor fails to pay its debts as they become due and provided due notice has been given by the Company to the Distributor and the Distributor has not cured such breach within thirty (30) days thereof;
(c) Upon termination of this Agreement all further rights and obligations of the parties shall cease, except that Distributor shall not be relieved of (i) its obligation to pay any monies due, or to become due, as of or after the date of termination, and (ii) any other obligation set forth in this Agreement which is to take effect after the date of termination.
7. NOTICES.
7.1. Notice or Communication. Any notice or communication required or permitted hereunder (other than Administrative Notice) shall be in writing and shall be sent by registered mail, return receipt requested, postage prepaid or via overnight courier with tracking and addressed to the addresses set forth below or to such changed address as any party entitled to notice shall have communicated in writing to the other party. Notices and communications to Company shall be sent to:
Arbre Group LLC 13428 Maxella Ave Suite 506 Marina Del Rey, CA 90292
With a copy simultaneously sent to:
Shukat Arrow Hafer Weber & Herbsman LLP, 111 West 57th Street, Suite 1120, New York, NY 10019, att: Peter Shukat, Esq.
Notices and communications to Distributor shall be sent to:
CSC Apparel 360 Dufferin Street, Suite #106, Toronto, Ontario M6K 1Z8
7.2. Date of Effectiveness. Any such notice or communication so mailed shall be deemed delivered and effective upon receipt.
8. GENERAL PROVISIONS.
8.1. Relationship of Parties. The relationship between the parties established by this Agreement shall be solely that of vendor and vendee and all rights and powers not expressly granted to the Distributor are expressly reserved to the Company. The Distributor shall have no right, power or authority in any way to bind the Company to the fulfillment of any condition not herein contained, or to any contract or obligation, expressed or implied.
8.2. Independence of Parties. Nothing contained in this Agreement shall be construed to make the Distributor the agent for the Company for any purpose, and neither party hereto shall have any right whatsoever to incur any liabilities or obligations on behalf or binding upon the other party. The Distributor specifically agrees that it shall have no power or authority to represent the Company in any manner; that it will solicit orders for products as an independent contractor in accordance with the terms of this Agreement; and that it will not at any time represent the Company in any manner; that it will solicit orders for products as an independent contractor in accordance with the terms of this Agreement; and that it will not at any time represent orally or in writing to any person or corporation or other business entity that it has any right, power or authority not expressly granted by this Agreement.
8.3. Indemnity. The Distributor shall hold the Company free and harmless from any and all claims, damages, and expenses of every kind or nature whatsoever (a) arising from acts of the Distributor; (b) as a direct or indirect consequence of termination of this Agreement in accordance with its terms; or (c) arising from acts of third parties in relation to products sold to the Distributor under this Agreement, including, but not limited to execution of liens and security interests by third parties with respect to any such products.
8.4. Assignment. This Agreement constitutes a personal contract and Distributor shall not transfer or assign same or any part thereof without the prior written consent of Company.
8.5. Entire Agreement. The entire Agreement between the Company and the Distributor covering the Apparel is set forth herein and any amendment or modification shall be in writing and shall be executed by duly authorized representatives in the same manner as this Agreement. The provisions of this Agreement are severable, and if any one or more such provisions are determined to be illegal or otherwise unenforceable, in whole or in part, under the laws of any jurisdiction, the remaining provisions or portions hereof shall, nevertheless, be binding on and enforceable by and between the parties hereto. Any provisions, terms or conditions of Distributor's Purchase Orders which are, in any way contradicting of this Agreement, except those additional provisions specifying quantity and shipping instructions, shall not be binding upon Company and shall have no applicability to the sale of goods by Company to Distributor. Company's rights granted hereby are cumulative and in addition to any rights it may have at law or equity.
8.6. Applicable Law. This agreement has been entered into in the State of New York, and the validity, interpretation and legal effect of this agreement shall be governed by the laws of the State of New York. The New York courts (State and Federal), only, will have jurisdiction of any controversies regarding this agreement; any action or other proceeding which involves such a controversy will be brought in those courts and not else¬where. Any process in any such action or proceeding may, among other methods, be served upon a party by delivering it or mailing it pursuant to para¬graph 7 above. Any such delivery or mail service shall be deemed to have the same force and effect as personal service within the State of New York.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have caused this Agreement to be executed by their duly authorized officers as of the date and year indicated above.
ARBRE GROUP
By:_________________________________
Steve Coe
Valizce
By:_________________________________
Halil Tatar
EXHIBIT A
1. Order No. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Future Orders above minimums: Future orders are to be priced such that the Distributor will receive a distributors 10% discount from above price.
EXHIBIT B
Excluded Companies
Translation - Japanese 販売契約書
本契約は、本日2010年 6 月14日に、カリフォルニア州ロサンゼルス市1632 N. Laurel Ave, Suite #113に主たる事業所を有する Arbreグループ社（「法人」）と＿＿＿＿＿＿＿に本拠地を置く＿＿＿＿＿（「販売業者」）の間で、交わされるものである。
従って、以下に定める約定に基づき、両当事者は、ここに次のとおり合意する。
English to Japanese: Watch manual General field: Tech/Engineering Detailed field: Mechanics / Mech Engineering
Source text - English FEATURES
1. Automatic mechanical Swiss movement.
2. Chronograph (Chrono) function with 60 second counter, 30 minute counter and hours counter, with fly-back reset function – up to 12 hours total timing.
3. Chronometer grade movement COSC Swiss lab certified.
4. Adjustable GMT function with 24 hour display.
5. Hours, minutes and small seconds display.
6. Date display with quick set adjustment.
PLEASE REFER TO THE BELOW DIAGRAM WHICH ILLUSTRATES THE BASIC OPERATION AND USE OF THE WATCH’S FEATURES.
BASIC FUNCTIONS
1. Hand setting – Pull the crown a 3 o’clock to position “III” as shown in the diagram. Turn the crown to move the hands forward to the correct “AM” or “PM” time. Since the date changes at approximatley midnight, for “PM” time the hands must be set past 12 o’clcock once again after the date changes.
2. Date adjustment – move the crown to position “II” as shown. Turn the crown
counter clockwise (towards you) to adjust to the correct date. NOTE: This adjustment will not operate between the hours of 8 P.M. and 1 A.M. when the normal date advancing mechanism is engaged.
3. NOTE: the second hand for the time is the small hand located at the 3 o’clock position. The long second hand is for Chronograph operation only.
CHRONOGRAPH FUNCTION
The chronograph hands function as follows:
1. Long seconds hands for elapsed seconds.
2. Small hand at 9 o’clock for elapsed minutes (30 minute dial = two rotations for each hour).
3. Small hand at 6 o’clock for elapsed hours, up to 12 hours.
CHRONOGRAPH OPERATION
1. Push button “A”, located at 2 o’clock to start the chronograph.
2. Push button “A” once again to stop the chronograph.
3. Chronograph measurements can be added together to accumulate measurements.
Simply push button “A” repeatedly to: START; STOP; START; STOP ETC.
4. After all measuements are completed, push button “B”, located at 4 o’clock, to reset the chrono to the “zero” or starting position.
GMT 24 HOUR HAND OPERATION AND ADJUSTMENT
1. The GMT hand advances one 24 hour revolution per day and is adjustable to allow it’s use to keep time in a second time zone.
2. To adjust the GMT hand, using a tool such as a pencil point, push the recessed button located at the side of the watch case at the 10 o’clock position. Each push of the button will advance the hand one hour.
Second hand
Hour/Minute hands
Crown position
Chrono second hand
Chrono hour hand
Chrono minute hand
Pusher for GMT adjust
Date
Button “A” Chrono start/stop
Button “B” Chrono reset
Hand setting position
Date setting position
English to Japanese: Curcumstances of Garrett's Death General field: Other Detailed field: Other
Source text - English Circumstances of Garrett' Death (shared at the funeral service, 29-Oct-2016):
Our children and Michele asked that I share what we know of Garrett's final few days
- Last Saturday he and I spoke while I was in Singapore for an hour
- He talked of his life's plans and thanked me for our support and he would make proud and that I would not regret helping him
- He again expressed his life's commitment and full devotion to Millie's happiness
- He absolutely loved his job and his friends at Snowbird ski resort
- He planned to work at least 12 years at Snowbird until Millie graduated high school
- He loved the natural high of being among the mountains around Snowbird
- (added today: Nan who worked at the gift shop on top of Snowbird spoke of her discussions last Sunday with Garrett. He always had a smile. They talked of the future, trips he had taken. She said he was an "old soul" having traveled to so many wonderful places through my work opportunities. He knew much of the full world. She loved him and he cared for her motherly nature. She said he planned to hike on Monday. He so often hiked the ridges around the summits)
- He sent his family and friends pictures of his hikes in these mountains
- Monday he was off work and decided to hike the Sundial peak again
- He texted me before his hike, but I was asleep in Tokyo (he was gone by time I awoke)
- He snap chatted his family and friends with a video on top of Sun Dial peak,~100pm
- He displayed a panoramic view for 4-6 seconds looking outward
- Then he turned the camera toward himself with a happy demeanor (snap chat recorded Sun Dial peak and its elevation--he enjoyed sharing where he was and how high the hike had taken him.
- Michele thought how many times she enjoyed his hiking pictures this past year, she replied to his snap chat "beautiful scenery"
- As reported by KSL and Fox News, he was an experienced and prepared hiker
+ his backpack was found a short distance from where his body stopped rolling (it contained a bruised apple, smashed sandwich, and granola bars)
+ the rescue team and detective shared that a storm rolled into the mountains
+ the terrain had become wet, slushy and slippery as he began his descent and detective Adamson expressed that these conditions certainly contributed his tragic accidental fall
+ they believe he was killed instantly from his initial 200-300' free fall on impact
+ he then rolled another 200' where he rested until search and rescue found him
+ his work friends reported him missing and went to the trailhead where he was hiking
+ his pictures and Verizon tower detective work allowed a quick find of his body
- We thank all his friends and the professionals in Search and Rescue for their work
Parent Thoughts:
Dearest family and friends,
On behalf of Michele, we express our deepest thanks for your time and resources to support us, our family and to celebrate and to remember our eldest son, Garrett.
Michele knows you will understand that this is a terribly difficult time for her and she asked that I try to talk about our son Garrett for us both. We hope you might see him as his parents saw and knew him.
Garrett was born May 26, 1987 our second child and our first son. Michele had a scheduled doctor appointment that day. The doctor immediately sent her to the hospital for delivery. I was in downtown Houston at work in various meetings; (the days before cell phones), a call came to an admin who later vaguely reported: "your wife is at the doctor". In my mind, I thought "I know she has an appointment". I went to my next meeting. Co-workers were astonished that I was so calm and did not go straightway. Finally, an hour later someone said "what are you still doing here? Your wife is at the hospital having your son". "What? No one mentioned she went to the hospital". I grabbed a bus, got to the hospital and Michele delivered our first happy baby boy, Garrett within 2 hours. He spent his first 4 years in northwest Houston until we moved near NASA in 1991.
Garrett loved to play with all sports, it came with parental encouragement of course. He was full of energy and quite rambunctious at home. We wondered what kind of reports we would receive once he started school. To our joy and surprise we had the most glowing reports of his behavior and academic excellence. I use to think, well, I'd rather he wear us out at home and be grateful he was a model student in public.
While living near NASA, Garrett was my introduction into being a community sports coach. Garrett started with t-ball, then basketball, baseball and soccer. His group of 8-10 neighborhood boys were really athletic; and from kindergarten through 4th grade they won more than 10+ first place team trophies. His confidence really grew. One time he turned a triple play when he fielded a scorching line drive to his 3rd base position, he caught the ball, stepped on third base and ran to second base passing the runner for the 3rd out as he stepped on 2nd base.
A favorite father-son camp out came as we crossed the Galveston ferry at Bolivar's peninsula fort. We were walking the perimeter of the fort foundation around 9pm. I was ahead of him on the walk and the foundation dropped 6-8 feet below the level where he was. The campground light allowed him to see on his level, but it was dark down where I was standing. Though he could not see me clearly, I told him to jump to me and I would catch him. Some of the other adults doubted this 6 or 7 year old boy would jump. Garrett cried out, are you ready dad? Yes, I said and he jumped with faith into the abyss safely to my arms. All those years of throwing him high in the air, he knew his father would never drop him. From his late teens into his late 20s some of this faith and trust in his father dimmed, but recent embers of faith in me and my words and our God were rekindling.
He often accompanied me doing home teaching though he was only 8 and 9 years old. He loved Sister Furse treats as we visited their home.
He had a tender and kind heart. When we moved to Indiana in 1996 and he began his friendship with Tyler Dixon among other great friends--we went to get basketball shoes and he said: Dad, I don't need the $80 Nikes, these other off brand shoes were fine. I didn't think he knew we did keep a pretty tight budget with 5 kids at this time. These off brand requests turned into expensive skateboards, shoes....etc. I shared with Tyler last night a humorous discussion when the Dixon family had one of the neighborhood's first built in swimming pools. Garrett asked, can we get a swimming pool? I said that much of our money was tied up in our 5 kids. He paused and said, well, what if we got rid of Marissa and Taylor (let's keep Grant, he's so cute) then maybe we could go for a pool? I wondered if he was half joking or not?
When I served with President Gillenwater, who graciously came in from Indiana today, Garrett use to accompany me on my stake presidency visits, wait while I conducted interviews. We had some great chats about service and why I did what I did in Christ's church. He knew I loved the Lord, Jesus Christ and he enjoyed our trips to Salem IN and English IN and elsewhere. My mom and dad came to Indiana when he was ordained a deacon in 1999.
Though I had spent 3 or 4 week summer camps as an adult scout leader, I was ecstatic to take Garrett when he turned 11 to Crooked Creek in Kentucky because I was going as a leader. He loved Scott Freeze, Jared Smith and those older boys at the free time basketball court. The next summer he would go to camp without me as I prepared to move our family overseas to Singapore when he began 7th grade.
I told Garrett that one of my favorite basketball games of my life -- even finer than winning a state championship at the U of U special events center was playing 5 on 5 at the local Singapore college when he was in the 8th and 9th grades. We had runs of 3-4 games in a row winning as he and I ran the court in sync, me finding him spotting up for countless 3-point shots. Sadly, Grant and Caleb never had the dad who could still run the court or fields. I could only coach and instruct them. Garrett got the young dad; sorry boys you got the bummed knee pops.
Garrett had dreams of playing in the NBA when he was 10-11; he was quite a good hoopster with Tyler and others. About that time he realized his height hopes were dashed and he said to me: "Dad, why did you marry mom? (Michele is 5'1"), the NBA is not likely to happen and it didn't as we know.
His last few years of high school began a tough journey for Garrett. As his bishop and his father, I kept hoping he would seek and find a path that included my love for Jesus Christ. The next 10 years found him seeking for happiness outside the teachings of his parents and his faith. Our love never wavered for Garrett though it came with many tear filled nights and pleadings from his mother and me. A few times over the past 2 years, Garrett confessed, "Dad--you're the only one who I felt loved me no matter what. I wouldn't be here today if it weren't for you."
I would like to share a few sacred moments or miracles expressed this past week.
Love is the greatest force for good in the universe.
Garrett's deepening love for Millie and the realization that she would be a young woman sooner than he could imagine sparked some real changes in his mind and heart the past few years, and especially the last few months.
I vividly recall sharing this testimonial text with my high priest group in early September, 2-Sep Garrett wrote: "I gave my self to God last night. He knows I weep for my child. I hope he helps me with this peace at least. I know I don't deserve his grace...but Millie does". Many in my quorum remember my request for their faith and prayers that Garrett might be touched by the Spirit of God. Though many such quorum, family and friend prayers had been offered to heaven for 10 + years, I had never heard such words from Garrett since his early youth days in the church.
Two weeks ago today I texted pictures of my Grandma and Grandpa Matthews headstones, my Oma and Opa Schroedter headstones and now my mother and father resting spots in Rose Hills, Whittier CA. From Singapore I texted him: "kind of weird thought: I'm the next generation to be laid to rest in the earth...not yet".
Garrett replied: "I can't even imagine what you're going through..or what this feels like. But I know you & I know how strong you are through Christ. I'm confident he's there for you, but the earthly pain is still there. I wish you the most best, dad. You are the strongest man I know. Your own life is far from over. All 6 kids of yours need you to the utmost. It looked like a nice service and all the arrangements were well done."
I was in Singapore after my father's funeral from Thurs to Sunday. We talked many hours over the weekend, and he was encouraged by our support to help him and that we were so proud of the path he was pursuing.
He again expressed how much it felt good to be clean and that he would take a drug test any time since his commitment to God in early September. We know he was not perfect, but we felt hope that he was wanting to improve his life. He expressed how much he looked forward to being there for Millie and how much peace and refuge he found working in the mountains and hiking the mountains by Snowbird. He planned to buy a new snowboard and wondered if his old snowboard would be big enough for Taylor or Grant whom he looked forward to teaching to master the slopes this winter. He spoke of his great hopes and love for his brothers at BYU.
He loved Taylor and Grant so much and was proud of their missions and their choices. Often I shared to Garrett some of Elder Oaks thoughts that it doesn't matter where we've been, it only matters what we are becoming or become. He realized that he could only go forward from where he was and said you will not regret helping me again dad. I want Millie to be proud of me and to know her father will be a better man for her.
His hike the following Monday was to go to the mountains for peace and solace versus the vices of his past. He had been doing such hikes for many months. He knew things were going to work out; but, he did not know he would be called home. I'm sure his final thoughts were of his Millie; maybe even a bit mad that he would not be here in this life to protect her. I'm sure he will watch over and protect her from the Spirit world.
We are all miracles---each of us, each of our children, grandchildren....etc. Whether we are full mind and full body or a portion of such full measure, Life and our time on earth is precious and a miracle from God, our Father.
Wednesday morning in Tokyo, Michele texted me to urgently call her. Alone in my hotel we cried uncontrollably for the loss of our son. I notified my work associates and cut short my business meetings and week long mission reunion vacation plans, to what became the longest Wednesday of my life. I left Tokyo, Wed 5pm and arrived in SLC Wed at 4pm. The outpouring of friends' love and prayers via social media has overwhelmed our hearts. Each person's posted comments brought back our friendships and the love and loss of our son more real and tears flowed again and again throughout that long Wednesday and these last 3 days.
Wed morning, I rescheduled weekend visits with 2 young men whom I taught the last month of my month extension which I talked about at my father's funeral 12 days ago. We met around noon on Wednesday. Hamada Masakuni and Okada Ken were around 15 years of age in 1981. Though we were both saddened that I would not meet their families on this trip, I was able to have lunch with Masakuni who later studied abroad in the Dietrich's home in Sellersburg and graduated from Silver Creek High School. I shared some miracles in my life and made some commitments to him and his family during our lunch before he drove me to the Narita airport for my sorrow-filled flight.
I would like to relay to you the 5 miracles (kiseki) I shared at lunch with Masakuni on Wednesday this week.
Miracle 1
learning Japanese truly humbled me and in week 6 I thought to leave the MTC since I was destined to be an idiot in the language. As I prayed for guidance and God's help outside the MTC building gazing up at the mountains high, there came into my mind and heart the words: "I love you and you represent me". Never had I ever felt such love and pure joy. My heart was overcome and tears flowed for some time. My attitude was I would go and be willing to sound stupid if that was His will.
Miracle 2 -
Fortunately, language stupor was not his will I told Brother Masakuni, by the time I was given a month extension in the Nangoku branch which I opened 4 months earlier--you were one of 8 baptisms in the final month; each an individual soul who came to love Jesus Christ among some 20+ who came to our new branch.
Miracle 3
as I returned to carpentry in the spring and summer of 1981 to save for college, I saw you Masakuni in my mind. While breaking for lunch and coming down from the roof we had just laid plywood, a former carpenter colleague and priest quorum member drove up in his expensive Thunderbird with its t-tops . His parents had not supported him serving a mission and he made great money as a diesel mechanic. I thought to myself: "hey, if I hadn't served a mission, I could have a sweet car like". No sooner than that selfish thought entered my mind, the Holy Spirit revealed to me countless faces from my mission who had joined His church or whom I taught the gospel of Jesus Christ--He spoke to my mind: "whom would you trade for that car?". I realized and knew that the worth of even one soul is greater than all the wealth of this earth. I repented instantly. It was pure knowledges born of the Spirit. This message has never left my mind nor my approach to service in His kingdom. God's children are truly His greatest creation.
As I told Masakuni my experiences; he shared how he served on his stake high council and more importantly he spoke about his family. I truly felt his grief for his 26 year old daughter and his 20 year old son who have left the gospel of their youth. I promised to share our conversation and to let them know that they are miracles, each of them.
Miracle 4
I wish to convey to you that each of you here today and Garrett who has passed to the other side are miracles.
As Garrett fell, I wonder if he didn't have a similar experience as I did when I came off the hot roof in the summer of 1981. Perhaps what flashed across his mind was his beautiful daughter Millie Kyla and to know that she was his miracle. I believe he may have also seen many of our faces and knew how deeply he was loved.
Love is life's great miracle.
Miracle 5 - and the greatest miracle:
As I live my life a little longer, I understand a little bit more the love of our Heavenly Father toward His Children, for God so Loved the World that He gave His only Begotten Son for the world.
I testify that as we develop this Love, even Charity, our capabilities and joys can be multiplied in life as well in as in death's sorrowful moments.
We love you Garrett and we know you are in the love and in the arms of our Savior, Jesus Christ and in the arms my mother and our families who have gone before. We will do our best to look after your miracle Millie for you...for we are an eternal family.
We express our love for each of our children and their families and their circumstances, we pray for their peace and comfort. We hope and pray that their testimonies of Jesus Christ may be bright always.
We express our love for our extended family and our dear friends who have come today as well as many others who have offered prayers in their homes around this beautiful earth for our family. We are so indebted to your goodness.
I know that my Redeemer lives and because of Him, Garrett will live again in perfect form and we will have family ties in the next life. Jesus Christ is my Savior and I am one of his miracles. I testify again that each of you are a miracle of God. May we always remember our value in His sight and may we always value each other and love one another in this life and into the next when we shall be coupled with greater glory.
I share these tender words from my depth of my heart and say them in the name of Jesus Christ, Amen.
Translation - Japanese ギャレットの死をめぐる状況について（2016年１０月２９日葬儀において参列者と共有）:
Nevada Interpreters and Translators Association (NITA)
Software
N/A
Professional objectives
Meet new translation company clients
Meet new end/direct clients
Work for non-profits or pro-bono clients
Screen new clients (risk management)
Network with other language professionals
Find trusted individuals to outsource work to
Get help with terminology and resources
Learn more about translation / improve my skills
Learn more about interpreting / improve my skills
Get help on technical issues / improve my technical skills
Learn more about additional services I can provide my clients
Learn more about the business side of freelancing
Stay up to date on what is happening in the language industry
Buy or learn new work-related software
Improve my productivity
Bio
I am a native of Japanese, being educated in Japan up to college. With English studies as a student of English lang major at college in Japan and a couple of universities in the US., I chose interpreter/translator as my profession. I also learned the professional skills of interpretation at a few interpreters training institutes.
I have more than three decade professional experience both in Japan and in the US. Those experiences include translation checker of the documentations used for the international conferences, and in-house interpreter/translator at the radiation research lab.
Currently residing in the US, I have been doing mainly simultaneous interpretation at the technical global conferences since 2006. In addition, I do the technical document translation. My expertise fields are IT in general, dentistry specifically dental implant, medical equipment esp. in oncology, marketing, and other technical/nontechnical industry.
I am flexible to unexpected circumstances, patient, situational positive and very precise.
Keywords: Japanese, remote simultaneous/consecutive interpreting, technology, medical in general, general dentistry, dental implant, HR, marketing, translation, engineering in general. See more.Japanese, remote simultaneous/consecutive interpreting, technology, medical in general, general dentistry, dental implant, HR, marketing, translation, engineering in general, medical equipment, peace education. See less.
Member since Jun '20
Expertise